Disease and Therapeutic Response Modeling and Simulation Program:Disease and therapeutic response modeling cuts across all therapeutic disciplines. The approach leverages in vitro and in vivo data to describe complex biological processes associated with disease and/or drug actions that alter disease. Applied to a specific disease and/or therapeutic initiative, modeling informs bench and bedside research to reduce costs and decision time, thereby improving research efficiency and treatment effectiveness. Data are at the heart of modeling and simulation research. These come from a variety of sources, including individual patient and population-level clinical data, genetic and ‘omics-level platform data, and computational and bioinformatics ‘big-data' sources. Initial and continuous model development rely on a variety of modeling software platforms available within the Modeling and Simulation program, with platform choice tailored to the specific research problem.